The modernization process in Türkiye involved political, economic, and social changes, with urban transformation as a key element. However, neglect of rural areas hindered overall progress, influenced by historical and political factors. Early modernizers viewed rural areas as traditional and lacking progress, resulting in urban areas receiving the focus of urbanization, industrialization, and Western technologies. The dispersed structure of rural areas made it difficult for the government to provide essential services and disseminate new ideas. The article analyzes challenges in rural areas, including the land tenure system, social and economic circumstances of villagers, and the issue of education. It also evaluates the role of educational institutions in rural areas during the Ottoman Empire and the early Republic. The study concludes that neglecting rural areas hindered Türkiye's modernization and highlights the need to address the unique needs and potentials of rural communities.